Advanced Blackjack Card Counting

Advanced Card Counting Strategies. The Omega II technique is a 'balanced' system, where you have 0 as base. Bryce Carlson developed this and wrote a book about card counting. Counting Multiple Decks. The advanced blackjack strategy section includes information on card counting, and clump reading and shuffle tracking. These techniques further increase players ability to even the odds at blackjack. We suggest reading the blackjack basic strategy prior to studying these techniques.

You might think of the Revere Advanced Point Count system as
a sort of sequel to the Revere Point Count. The problem with
this system is that it’s not easy to use at all. Some card
counters like to milk card counting systems for every tenth of a
percent of advantage that they can. A system like the RAPC might
be appropriate for such players, but newer, easier-to-use
systems offer the same advantages without the difficulty.

Lawrence Revere co-designed this system with Julian Braun.
Revere was one of the interesting characters in the early days
of blackjack card counting. He developed multiple systems with
Braun, but the one that’s in most use still today is the Revere
Point Count.

Most of his systems can be read about and learned from his
book Playing Blackjack as a Business.

But some of Revere’s and Braun’s systems are considered
proprietary, meaning they’re not just available in a book. You
have to actually buy the details for using the system. The
Internet is full of gambling systems you can buy, and most of
them are worthless. Unlike most of those systems, the RAPC will
actually help you get an edge over the casino. But you can find
other card counting systems that will give you an edge over the
house that don’t require you to buy them.

In fact, you can learn everything you need to make a profit
counting cards on the internet—on this site, in fact.

Of course, different systems offer different advantages and
disadvantages, but we tend to agree with David Sklansky, author
of Sklansky Talks Blackjack. He suggests that the Hi-Lo Count is
powerful enough for anyone, and it’s easy to use.

This page describes in some detail how card counting in
general works and how the Revere Advanced Point Count in
particular works. We also provide some analysis of its
advantages and disadvantages compared to other systems.

More about Lawrence Revere

Lawrence Revere is the author of Playing Blackjack as a
Business, which is worth investing in if for no other reason
than the charts and tables are so pretty and colorful. That’s
not a practical attitude, you might think, but we do think that
being willing to look at the materials is practical in the
extreme. After all, you need to stay motivated to do the work
required to learn the system.

We mentioned earlier that he was quite a character. One of
the reasons we suggest this is because of anecdotes we read in
Lance Humble’s book, The World’s Greatest Blackjack Book. We’ve
also read that Revere worked both sides of the casino industry.
He was consulting with casinos about how to detect card counters
while at the same time consulting with players about how to
avoid detection.

He died in 1977, so a lot of the card counting techniques he
was a proponent of were cutting edge at the time but are
obsolete now. The RAPC is considered one of them, but we present
the details here for those interested in how such things work.

How Card Counting Works

Counting cards in blackjack takes advantage of the fact that
the composition of a deck of cards changes during play. When
certain cards are dealt, the ratio of high cards to low cards
can change. A deck with a lot of 10s and aces—compared to the
lower cards—is more likely to result in a player being dealt a
“natural” or a “blackjack”. Since that hand pays off at 3 to 2
instead of even money, a player who raises her bets when the
deck is rich in aces and 10s can get an edge over the casino.

But that’s just one way card counters get an edge (albeit the
most important one). The other way counting cards help is that
basic strategy changes based on the composition of the deck.
Basic strategy is simply the correct playing decision for every
possible combination of player totals versus dealer upcards.

When the composition of the deck changes, certain decisions
change. Whether or not to take insurance is an easily-understood
example. Insurance is just a side bet that the dealer will have
blackjack. If the deck has proportionally more aces and 10s than
low cards, the dealer also has a higher probability of having
such a hand. So insurance, which is normally a sucker bet, can
be the right play in certain situations.

And card counters don’t actually memorize which cards have
been dealt and which ones are still in the deck. They assign
values to certain cards and use those values to keep a rough
estimate of how favorable or unfavorable the deck is at any
given time. The low cards have positive values, as their removal
from the deck improves your odds. The high cards have negative
values, as their removal from the deck worsens your odds.

The values given to each card are the meat and potatoes of
any card counting system.

How the Revere Advanced Point Count Works

Here are the values assigned to the various cards in the RAPC
system:

• You’ll notice that almost every card in the deck is given a
  value. The only cards that count as 0s are the 8s.
• You’ll also notice that the values given range from +/- 1
  through 4. Most beginner systems are called “single-level”
  systems, because they only require you to add and subtract a
  single value, usually 1, but sometimes 2. The number of values
  in use can be used to describe the system. In this case, we have
  a 4-level system.
• When the total is positive, you raise your bets. When the
  total is 0 or negative, you bet the table minimum. The higher
  the count, the more you raise the size of your bets.

The Pros and Cons of the RAPC

You can look at the effectiveness of a card counting system
according to how well it estimates when you should raise and
lower your bets. You can also look at how well it measures when
you should take insurance. They can also mathematically estimate
how well a system advises your strategy decisions.

These measurements are usually expressed as a number between
0 and 1, with a 1 being perfect. The betting correlation for the
RAPC is 1.0, which is perfect, but many simpler systems provide
an almost equally accurate estimate of when to raise and lower
your bets.

The insurance correlation for this system is far better than
most, though, at 0.71. That sounds low compared to 1.0, but most
systems don’t do this good a job of measuring when you should
take insurance.

The playing efficiency is a measure of how well the system
advises your basic strategy, and the playing efficiency for this
system is 0.53. This probably sounds quite a bit worse than it
actually is. We know of plenty of card counters who don’t even
bother adjusting their basic strategy when playing—they just
raise and lower their bets according to the count, and they win
plenty of money.

The biggest disadvantage of the RAPC is its complexity. Much
easier systems exist which provide you with results just as
positive. We recommend using one of them instead.

The Revere Advanced Point Count is an obsolete, hard-to-use
card counting system. It’s interesting more as a look at what
kinds of complex systems might have been in use in the past.
More modern and easier to use systems provide just as much of an
edge with less work on the part of the player, though. We
recommend trying one of those.

We’ve divided most of our blackjack pages into 3 categories:

1. Blackjack for Advanced Players

In the section for beginners, we covered the basics of how to play, some of
the simpler strategy ideas, and definitions of terms used in the game.

In the section for intermediate players, we covered what a player should
learn next: complete basic strategy, game selection, and the basics of counting
cards.

Now, in this section, we cover more advanced topics. These include advantage
play techniques like card counting and shuffle tracking. We also cover dealer
tells.

We think it’s a good goal for a beginner to work toward lowering the house
edge to 1% or so. We think it’s a good goal for an intermediate player to get
the house edge as low as possible (to 0% if possible).

But our goal for advanced players is for them to be able to play at a
significant advantage over the casino.

And the only way to do that is to learn at least one, and preferably
multiple, advantage play techniques.

Advantage Play in Blackjack

Advantage play is a means of getting an edge when gambling. It’s distinct
from cheating, because advantage play doesn’t involve changing the conditions of
the game. Advantage players just use better strategies than the average gambler.

Most casino games don’t have a means for you to get an edge. Some games might
or might not have a means for you to get an edge. Blackjack is one game where
you certainly can get an edge, but let’s talk about some other games and why you
can or cannot get an edge playing them.

A Roulette Example

We like to start such discussions with roulette, because the math is easy to
understand. An American roulette wheel has 38 numbers on it. Almost half of them
(18) are red. Almost half are black (18). And 2 of them are green.

When you spin the ball in a roulette game, the probability of the ball
landing in any particular slot is the same: 1/38. The probability of the ball
landing on a black number is 18/38. These probabilities don’t change based on
what happened on the previous spin.

Every spin, the same 38 possibilities are there.

The way the house gets its edge is clear.

Suppose you bet $100 on black. 18 times out of 38, you’ll win even money on
such a bet. That’s $1800 in winnings.

But 20 times out of 38, you’ll lose $100. That’s $2000 in losses.

The difference between the $2000 in losses and the $1800 in winnings is the
house edge. Average it out on a per bet basis, and you’re looking at a net loss
of $200 divided by 38 bets. That’s $5.26 per bet on average that you lost.

All the bets at the roulette table have this same house edge. It’s usually
expressed as a percentage-in this case, 5.26%.

But suppose we made a change to the game.

Suppose every time the ball landed in a spot, it was eliminated as a
possibility on future spins.

The probability would change on subsequent spins based on what happened
previously.

Blackjack Counting Software

You’re playing roulette, and the ball lands on black 3 times in a row. Each
of those black numbers has been eliminated from the game.

Now you have 35 possible results. 15 of them are black. 18 of them are red. 2
of them are green.

The probability of a black result has changed to 15/35, or 42.89%. The
probability of a red result is now 51.43%.

A bet on red is now clearly the smart play.

This is what happens when you’re playing blackjack, isn’t it?

Once a card is dealt, it’s no longer in the deck, so the probability of
getting a certain combination changes.

It’s not likely.

The only legitimate advantage technique related to roulette that we know of
is finding a biased wheel.

Since a roulette wheel is a mechanical, not electronic, device, it might have
some mechanical flaws. It might be slightly warped, which means that certain
parts of the wheel might have a slightly higher chance of being a result than
others.

Such an imperfection would be invisible to the naked eye.

The only way to find such an imperfection would be to “clock” the wheel. In
other words, you’d have to record the results of thousands of spins. Based on
those results, you’d be able to detect any imperfections or bias.

We don’t think this is a practical advantage play technique.

Here’s why:

First, you might spend hours clocking a wheel only to find that it has no
bias at all. Not all-or even most-roulette wheels have a bias.

Second, casinos don’t leave roulette wheels in the same place forever. You’ll
eventually have to go home and get some sleep. At various times, the casinos
move these wheels from table to table.

You might spend 16 hours clocking a table’s results only to have that wheel
get moved to another table in the middle of the night.

How about Slot Machines?

Slot machines are an example of a game where you can’t get an edge.

Here’s a simplified version of how the probability of a slot machine game
works:

You have a game with 3 reels, and on each wheel, you have 10 symbols. Each
symbol has the same probability of coming up.

The probability of getting a particular symbol come up on each wheel is 1/10
X 1/10 X 1/10, or 1/1000.

But the jackpot for that symbol is programmed to pay off at less than 1000 to
1-usually significantly less. You might get a payoff of 800 to 1 for one
symbols, a payoff of 80 to 1 for another symbol, and a payoff of 8 to 1 for
another symbol.

It’s easy to see how in the long run the casino is going to come out ahead.

You have no way of affecting those probabilities on a slot machine without
cheating. Remember, you can’t change the conditions of the game. This means you
can’t use any kind of electronic or mechanical device to affect the outcome.

Which Games CAN You Get an Edge Playing?

In fact, only a handful of gambling activities have advantage techniques
available. These include:

• Blackjack
• Poker
• Sports betting
• Video poker

You can get an edge at poker by playing better than the other players.

But it’s not enough to be just a little bit better than the other players.
The house takes 5% of each pot as a rake, so you have to be so much better than
the other players that you can beat the rake.

You can get an edge at sports betting by being better at estimating the odds
and handicapping the games than the sports books are. This is unlikely, as the
Vegas books use state of the art software and expert handicappers to set the
lines.

And, like poker, you have to get enough of an edge to overcome the rake. Only
in sports betting, it’s not called the rake-it’s called “vig”. When you place a
bet on a sporting event, you usually have to bet $110 to win $100. So you have
to win your bets more than 53% of the time to get even a small edge over the
book.

With video poker, you have to find a game with a pay table that enables you
to get an edge over the casino. These are unusual, but they’re not impossible to
find.

But that’s not all. You also have to be able to play that game using perfect
strategy.

And even if you do, most video poker games with such pay tables are played
for such low stakes that it wouldn’t be worth your time, anyway.

Suppose you find a full pay Deuces Wild game. You have an edge of 0.76% over
the house, assuming you’re playing perfectly.

But the game is only available as a quarter machine. Which means you’re
betting $1.25 per hand.

Card Counting Systems For Blackjack

An average player places 600 bets per hour at a video poker game. That means
you’re putting $750 per hour into action.

0.76% of $750 is $5.70 per hour.

No one’s going to become a professional video poker player making $5.70 per
hour.

Let’s assume that you’re good enough at your various advantage play
techniques to get a consistent 1% edge over the house.

And let’s assume you have a large enough bankroll that you can bet $50 per
hand on average.

You stick with tables where there are other players, but not a lot of other
players, so you’re averaging 80 bets per hour.

That’s $4000 per hour you’re putting into action. With a 1% edge, you’re
expected to win $40 per hour.

That’s a little more interesting than $5 or $6 per hour.

But if you get a large enough bankroll to withstand the swings of fortune,
you could play for an average of $100 per hand or even $200 per hand.

Now you’re looking at $80/hour in expected winnings or $160/hour in expected
winnings.

That’s a more attractive prospect.

Counting cards is the most obvious way, but pros have multiple means of
getting an edge.

We cover the basics of the most popular advantage play techniques in
blackjack below, but some of them are covered in excruciating detail in their
own subsections on our site.

Counting Cards

The premise behind counting cards isn’t as complicated as you might think.
Card counting works because of 2 things:

1. You get paid off 3 to 2 if you get a natural.
2. The deck has a memory.

These 2 factors are so closely related that it’s hard to talk about one
without talking about the other.

Here’s the thing about a natural:

There are only 2 cards which can make a natural-the ace and the 10. (Of
course, there are 4 different cards worth 10 in the deck-the 10, J, Q, and K.)

The deck has a memory, too-at least most of them do. There are exceptions,
though.

If you’re playing in a blackjack game with an automatic shuffler that’s going
continuously, you’re playing from a fresh deck every hand. You can’t get an edge
at such a game.

But if you’re playing in a game dealt by hand or from a shoe, the composition
of the deck changes based on which cards have already been dealt. This can
increase or decrease your probability of being dealt a blackjack.

Suppose you’re playing in a single-deck game, and all 4 aces have already
been dealt. Your probability of getting a blackjack is now 0%.

It’s impossible to get a blackjack if there are no aces left in the deck.

On the other hand, if half the deck has been dealt, and none of the aces have
appeared yet, and lots of low cards are already gone (like the 5s and 6s), your
probability of getting a natural goes up.

Now let’s suppose you raise the size of your bets when your probability of
getting that 3 to 2 payout goes up, and you lower the size of your bets when
your probability of getting a blackjack is lower.

If you’re betting $100 when the deck has a proportionally higher amount of
aces and 10s in it, and you’re betting $10 when the deck has a proportionally
lower number of aces and 10s in it, you’re going to win more money, right?

It’s similar to how tight-aggressive poker players manage their poker hands.
When they have a hand which is more likely to win, they bet and raise
aggressively. When they have a hand which is more likely to lose, they’ll check
and fold.

Bet more money when you have an edge. Bet less money when you don’t.

That’s a surefire way of getting an edge at gambling.

That’s where the various card counting systems come in. All card counting
systems share the same goal:

They try to estimate how much of an edge you have.

They do this by assigning a value to each card. You add or subtract that
value from the count, and you raise and lower your bets according to that count.

Here’s one of the most basic examples of such a card counting system. Every
time you see a 5, add 1 to the count. Every time you see an ace, subtract 1 from
the count.

When the count is 0 or negative, bet 1 unit.

When the count is positive, bet 1 unit + the count.

So if the count is -4, you’d bet a single unit. If the count is +4, you’d bet
5 units.

If you’re playing for $100 on average per hand, you’d bet $100 if the count
is -4, but you’d bet $500 if the count is +4.

A more accurate count is the hi-lo count, which is one of the most-used and
long-standing counts. Here are the values for that one:

• All aces and 10s are -1.
• 2s, 3s, 4s, 5s, and 6s are +1.
• 7s, 8s, and 9s count as 0.

This is a little more complicated but a lot more accurate. It’s an example of
a balanced card counting system-you have just as many cards valued at +1 as you
do at -1, so if you count through an entire deck, you’ll end where you
started-at 0.

But it doesn’t stop there.

Card counting systems are aimed at single deck games. When you get more decks
into the mix, the effect of a card being gone from the deck is lessened.

Think about it this way.

If you’re playing in a single deck game, and 4 aces have been dealt, the
probability of getting an ace as your next card is 0.

If you’re playing in an 8-deck game, and 4 aces have been dealt, the
probability of getting an ace is lower, but it’s far from 0. After all, you
started with 32 aces (4 in each deck). You still have 28 aces left.

To compensate for this dilution effect, card counters take the “running
count” and convert it into a “true count”. They do this by dividing the running
count by the estimated number of decks left in the shoe.

They increase and lower their bets by using the true count.

Let’s assume you’re playing in an 8-deck game, and the running count is +3.
You’re not going to raise your bet until the count is +1 or higher. There are 6
decks left in the shoe, so the true count is 3/6, or +0.5. You continue to flat
bet until the count improves some more.

As you can see, with more decks in play, it’s harder to get an edge. Since
you’ll have an edge less often, you’ll probably need to increase your betting
range (the amount of your high bets compared to your low bets) to compensate.

A dizzying array of card counting systems are available. Each offers
something different. Some provide a more accurate gauge of how much of an edge
you have over the casino. Others provide you with a better gauge of how you
should change your strategy. Some are easier to implement than others.

The goal is to find a card counting system that works for you. You might not
be interested in adjusting your basic strategy decisions based on the count. You
might just want to get your edge by increasing the size of your bets.

If that’s the case, you’ll want to find a simple system that does a good job
of estimating your edge over the house.

We cover various card counting systems in detail on this site. Some of the
more popular card counting systems we cover in detail include:

• The Ace Five Count
• The Red Seven Count

We cover dozens more.

But counting cards is only one tool in the advantage player’s arsenal.

Shuffle Tracking

Sometimes cards clump into sequence or packs in a deck even after they’re
shuffled. If you can track these groups of cards throughout the game, you can
get an edge over the casino. The simpler the shuffle, the easier it is to keep
up with these groups.

The reason shuffle tracking works is because shuffling is an imperfect,
inexact way of mixing up the cards. It’s a mechanical process. You can’t use
shuffle tracking with an online casino, for example, because the random number
generator really does randomize the cards. You’d have to hand shuffle a deck
many times before approaching true randomness.

What a shuffle tracker does is combine card counting with “zones” of cards.
Think of these zones as miniature decks within a deck. When the cards get
shuffled, these zones tend to stay together. If you identify a zone that has a
lot of 10s and aces in it, you can raise your bets when that zone comes into
play.

Dealer Tells

If you know anything about poker, you’ve heard of “tells”. These are
nonverbal cues that give you a hint at what cards your opponent is holding. For
example, in poker, if a player’s hands tremble when he bets, he probably has a
strong hand. This varies based on the individual, though, and reading other
players is one piece of a poker player’s strategy.

In blackjack, you can pay attention to the dealer’s behavior as he looks at
his hole card. This gives you a hint as to what he’s holding. You can adjust
your playing strategy accordingly.

In fact, some dealers are sloppy enough to expose their hole card when
they’re checking for blackjack. That provides an obvious clear advantage to the
player.

Conclusion

Becoming an advanced blackjack player means learning enough about the game
and how to play that you consistently have an advantage over the casino. This
might involve becoming an expert card counter, but it can also mean taking
advantage of other advantage play techniques like shuffle tracking and dealer
tells.